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Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Mandal Norway

In Mandal, the summers are cool; the winters are long, very cold, wet, and windy; and it is partly cloudy year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 28°F to 67°F and is rarely below 15°F or above 74°F.

Based on the tourism score, the best time of year to visit Mandal for warm-weather activities is from early July to mid August.

Climate in Mandal

very coldcoldcoolcomfortablecoolcoldvery coldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecNowNow56%56%33%33%overcastclearprecipitation: 5.7 inprecipitation: 5.7 in2.3 in2.3 inmuggy: 0%muggy: 0%0%0%drydrytourism score: 6.4tourism score: 6.40.00.0
Mandal weather by month. Click on each chart for more information.

The warm season lasts for 3.0 months, from June 9 to September 8, with an average daily high temperature above 61°F. The hottest month of the year in Mandal is July, with an average high of 66°F and low of 53°F.

The cold season lasts for 4.2 months, from November 21 to March 27, with an average daily high temperature below 44°F. The coldest month of the year in Mandal is February, with an average low of 29°F and high of 38°F.

Average High and Low Temperature in Mandal

Average High and Low Temperature in MandalwarmcoldcoldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F10°F10°F20°F20°F30°F30°F40°F40°F50°F50°F60°F60°F70°F70°F80°F80°F90°F90°F100°F100°FFeb 838°FFeb 838°FJul 3067°FJul 3067°F28°F28°F54°F54°FJun 961°FJun 961°FSep 861°FSep 861°FNov 2144°FNov 2144°FMar 2744°FMar 2744°F48°F48°F50°F50°F35°F35°F33°F33°FNowNow
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
AverageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
High 38°F38°F42°F48°F56°F62°F66°F65°F60°F52°F45°F40°F
Temp. 34°F34°F37°F42°F50°F56°F61°F60°F55°F48°F41°F36°F
Low 29°F29°F31°F36°F43°F49°F53°F53°F48°F42°F36°F31°F

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature in Mandal

Average Hourly Temperature in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMNowNowvery coldvery coldcoldcoldcoolfreezingcomfortable
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

Ketchikan, Alaska, United States (4,285 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Mandal (view comparison).

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In Mandal, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Mandal begins around April 18 and lasts for 5.5 months, ending around October 2.

The clearest month of the year in Mandal is July, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 55% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around October 2 and lasts for 6.5 months, ending around April 18.

The cloudiest month of the year in Mandal is January, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 66% of the time.

Cloud Cover Categories in Mandal

Cloud Cover Categories in MandalclearercloudiercloudierJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Jul 2156%Jul 2156%Jan 2233%Jan 2233%Apr 1844%Apr 1844%Oct 245%Oct 245%NowNowclearmostly clearpartly cloudymostly cloudyovercast
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
FractionJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Cloudier 66%63%63%56%49%46%45%48%53%59%63%64%
Clearer 34%37%37%44%51%54%55%52%47%41%37%36%

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Mandal varies throughout the year.

The wetter season lasts 5.5 months, from August 21 to February 7, with a greater than 37% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet days in Mandal is November, with an average of 13.9 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

The drier season lasts 6.5 months, from February 7 to August 21. The month with the fewest wet days in Mandal is April, with an average of 8.1 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in Mandal is October, with an average of 14.0 days. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 48% on October 30.

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Mandal

Daily Chance of Precipitation in MandalwetwetdryJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Oct 3049%Oct 3049%Apr 2926%Apr 2926%Aug 2137%Aug 2137%Feb 737%Feb 737%NowNowrainmixed
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Days ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rain 10.6d7.7d8.3d7.8d8.6d8.2d9.0d10.9d12.1d14.0d13.2d11.3d
Mixed 2.4d1.6d1.5d0.3d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.1d0.6d1.6d
Snow 0.9d1.2d0.4d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.2d0.6d
Any 13.8d10.4d10.3d8.1d8.6d8.2d9.0d10.9d12.1d14.1d13.9d13.6d

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Mandal experiences significant seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

Rain falls throughout the year in Mandal. The month with the most rain in Mandal is October, with an average rainfall of 5.5 inches.

The month with the least rain in Mandal is April, with an average rainfall of 2.3 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall in Mandal

Average Monthly Rainfall in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 in0 in2 in2 in4 in4 in6 in6 in8 in8 in10 in10 inOct 275.7 inOct 275.7 inApr 212.3 inApr 212.3 inNowNow
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average snowfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rainfall 4.1″3.0″2.9″2.3″2.5″2.7″2.9″3.7″4.7″5.5″5.2″4.3″

Snowfall

As with rainfall, we consider the snowfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Mandal experiences significant seasonal variation in monthly snowfall.

The snowy period of the year lasts for 4.3 months, from November 19 to March 30, with a sliding 31-day snowfall of at least 1.0 inches. The month with the most snow in Mandal is February, with an average snowfall of 4.6 inches.

The snowless period of the year lasts for 7.7 months, from March 30 to November 19. The least snow falls around July 15, with an average total accumulation of 0.0 inches.

Average Monthly Snowfall in Mandal

Average Monthly Snowfall in MandalsnowsnowJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 in0 in2 in2 in4 in4 in6 in6 in8 in8 in10 in10 in12 in12 inFeb 64.9 inFeb 64.9 inJul 150.0 inJul 150.0 inNov 191.0 inNov 191.0 inMar 301.0 inMar 301.0 in
The average snowfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average rainfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Snowfall 4.3″4.6″2.3″0.2″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.7″3.2″

The length of the day in Mandal varies extremely over the course of the year. In 2024, the shortest day is December 21, with 6 hours, 27 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 20, with 18 hours, 12 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Mandal

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hr12 hr, 9 minMar 2012 hr, 9 minMar 2018 hr, 12 minJun 2018 hr, 12 minJun 2012 hr, 13 minSep 2212 hr, 13 minSep 226 hr, 27 minDec 216 hr, 27 minDec 21nightnightdayNowNow
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
Hours ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Daylight 7.3h9.4h11.9h14.5h16.8h18.1h17.4h15.2h12.8h10.2h7.9h6.6h

The earliest sunrise is at 4:25 AM on June 18, and the latest sunrise is 4 hours, 51 minutes later at 9:16 AM on December 28. The earliest sunset is at 3:40 PM on December 15, and the latest sunset is 6 hours, 58 minutes later at 10:37 PM on June 23.

Daylight saving time (DST) is observed in Mandal during 2024, starting in the spring on March 31, lasting 6.9 months, and ending in the fall on October 27.

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in Mandal

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJun 184:25 AMJun 184:25 AM10:37 PMJun 2310:37 PMJun 23Dec 153:40 PMDec 153:40 PM9:16 AMDec 289:16 AMDec 28Mar 31DSTMar 31DSTDSTOct 27DSTOct 27daynightnightnightnightSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow
The solar day over the course of the year 2024. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray. The transitions to and from daylight saving time are indicated by the 'DST' labels.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in Mandal

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AM0000101010202030304040500001010101020203030404050955NowNow
northeastsouthwest
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2024. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

Moon Rise, Set & Phases in Mandal

The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

The perceived humidity level in Mandal, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, remaining a virtually constant 0% throughout.

Humidity Comfort Levels in Mandal

Humidity Comfort Levels in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Feb 20%Feb 20%Aug 90%Aug 90%NowNowcomfortablecomfortabledrydryhumidhumid
dry 55°F comfortable 60°F humid 65°F muggy 70°F oppressive 75°F miserable
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Muggy days 0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.1d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Mandal experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 6.1 months, from September 19 to March 22, with average wind speeds of more than 11.4 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Mandal is January, with an average hourly wind speed of 13.7 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 5.9 months, from March 22 to September 19. The calmest month of the year in Mandal is May, with an average hourly wind speed of 9.1 miles per hour.

Average Wind Speed in Mandal

Average Wind Speed in MandalwindywindyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mph12 mph12 mph14 mph14 mph16 mph16 mph18 mph18 mph20 mph20 mph22 mph22 mphJan 713.8 mphJan 713.8 mphMay 269.0 mphMay 269.0 mphSep 1911.4 mphSep 1911.4 mphMar 2211.4 mphMar 2211.4 mphNowNow
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Wind Speed (mph) 13.712.711.89.89.19.39.410.011.312.312.913.2

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Mandal is from the west throughout the year.

Wind Direction in Mandal

Wind Direction in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%NowNowwesteastsouthnorth
northeastsouthwest
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

Mandal is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.

The average water temperature experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The time of year with warmer water lasts for 2.8 months, from June 28 to September 20, with an average temperature above 58°F. The month of the year in Mandal with the warmest water is August, with an average temperature of 62°F.

The time of year with cooler water lasts for 4.1 months, from December 21 to April 24, with an average temperature below 44°F. The month of the year in Mandal with the coolest water is March, with an average temperature of 40°F.

Average Water Temperature in Mandal

Average Water Temperature in MandalwarmcoolJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec35°F35°F40°F40°F45°F45°F50°F50°F55°F55°F60°F60°F65°F65°F70°F70°FAug 762°FAug 762°F39°FMar 139°FMar 1Jun 2858°FJun 2858°FSep 2058°FSep 2058°FDec 2144°FDec 2144°FApr 2444°FApr 2444°FNowNow
The daily average water temperature (purple line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
WaterJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Temperature 42°F40°F40°F42°F49°F56°F61°F62°F58°F53°F49°F44°F

To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Mandal throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Mandal for general outdoor tourist activities is from early July to mid August, with a peak score in the last week of July.

Tourism Score in Mandal

Tourism Score in Mandalbest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810106.46.40.00.0NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationtourism score
The tourism score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Mandal for hot-weather activities is from mid July to mid August, with a peak score in the last week of July.

Beach/Pool Score in Mandal

Beach/Pool Score in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810101.51.50.00.0NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitation
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

Methodology

For each hour between 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM of each day in the analysis period (1980 to 2016), independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed.

Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.

Our precipitation score, which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0.04 inches of precipitation or more.

Our tourism temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 50°F, rising linearly to 9 for 65°F, to 10 for 75°F, falling linearly to 9 for 80°F, and to 1 for 90°F or hotter.

Our beach/pool temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 65°F, rising linearly to 9 for 75°F, to 10 for 82°F, falling linearly to 9 for 90°F, and to 1 for 100°F or hotter.

Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).

The growing season in Mandal typically lasts for 6.1 months (186 days), from around April 23 to around October 26, rarely starting before April 5 or after May 11, and rarely ending before October 7 or after November 19.

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Mandal

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Mandalgrowing seasonJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%50%Apr 2350%Apr 2350%Oct 2650%Oct 2690%May 1190%May 1190%Oct 790%Oct 710%Apr 510%Apr 510%Nov 1910%Nov 190%Feb 90%Feb 9Jul 23100%Jul 23100%freezingvery coldcoldcoolcomfortablefrigid
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.

Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.

Based on growing degree days alone, the first spring blooms in Mandal should appear around May 27, only rarely appearing before May 15 or after June 11.

Growing Degree Days in Mandal

Growing Degree Days in MandalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F200°F200°F400°F400°F600°F600°F800°F800°F1,000°F1,000°F1,200°F1,200°F1,400°F1,400°FMay 2790°FMay 2790°FAug 25900°FAug 25900°FDec 311,170°FDec 311,170°FNowNow
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of the year, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.0 months, from May 7 to August 8, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 5.2 kWh. The brightest month of the year in Mandal is June, with an average of 6.4 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 4.5 months, from October 14 to February 28, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 1.5 kWh. The darkest month of the year in Mandal is December, with an average of 0.3 kWh.

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Mandal

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in MandalbrightdarkdarkJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWhJun 246.5 kWhJun 246.5 kWhDec 220.3 kWhDec 220.3 kWhMay 75.2 kWhMay 75.2 kWhAug 85.2 kWhAug 85.2 kWhOct 141.5 kWhOct 141.5 kWhFeb 281.5 kWhFeb 281.5 kWhNowNow
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Solar Energy (kWh) 0.41.12.34.05.66.46.14.83.01.50.60.3

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Mandal are 58.027 deg latitude, 7.453 deg longitude, and 36 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of Mandal contains significant variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 682 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 114 feet. Within 10 miles contains significant variations in elevation (1,119 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (3,264 feet).

The area within 2 miles of Mandal is covered by water (44%), trees (26%), and artificial surfaces (20%), within 10 miles by water (51%) and trees (44%), and within 50 miles by water (62%) and trees (27%).

This report illustrates the typical weather in Mandal, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.

Temperature and Dew Point

There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Mandal.

For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Mandal according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.

The estimated value at Mandal is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Mandal and a given station.

The stations contributing to this reconstruction are:

To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of Mandal and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data.

Other Data

All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus.

All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.

Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .

Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .

Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Disclaimer

The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.

We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.

We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.

Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.