1. WeatherSpark.com
  2. China

Climate and Average Weather Year Round at Jinan China

At Jinan, the summers are long, hot, muggy, wet, and partly cloudy and the winters are very cold, snowy, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 25°F to 88°F and is rarely below 17°F or above 96°F.

Based on the tourism score, the best times of year to visit Jinan for warm-weather activities are from early May to mid June and from late August to early October.

Climate at Jinan

very coldcoldcoolwarmhotwarmcoolcoldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecNowNow71%71%56%56%clearovercastprecipitation: 6.3 inprecipitation: 6.3 in0.1 in0.1 inmuggy: 92%muggy: 92%0%0%drydrytourism score: 7.3tourism score: 7.30.00.0
Jinan weather by month. Click on each chart for more information.

The hot season lasts for 4.2 months, from May 12 to September 18, with an average daily high temperature above 78°F. The hottest month of the year at Jinan is July, with an average high of 88°F and low of 76°F.

The cold season lasts for 3.0 months, from November 26 to February 25, with an average daily high temperature below 48°F. The coldest month of the year at Jinan is January, with an average low of 26°F and high of 39°F.

Average High and Low Temperature at Jinan

Average High and Low Temperature at JinanhotcoldcoldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F10°F10°F20°F20°F30°F30°F40°F40°F50°F50°F60°F60°F70°F70°F80°F80°F90°F90°F100°F100°FJan 1138°FJan 1138°FJul 1588°FJul 1588°F25°F25°F76°F76°FMay 1278°FMay 1278°FSep 1878°FSep 1878°FNov 2648°FNov 2648°FFeb 2548°FFeb 2548°F63°F63°F64°F64°F35°F35°F34°F34°FNowNow
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
AverageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
High 39°F45°F56°F69°F80°F87°F88°F85°F79°F68°F53°F42°F
Temp. 32°F38°F48°F62°F72°F80°F82°F79°F72°F62°F47°F35°F
Low 26°F31°F42°F54°F65°F73°F76°F73°F65°F55°F40°F29°F

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature at Jinan

Average Hourly Temperature at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMNowNowfreezingvery coldvery coldcoldcoldcoolcoolwarmhotcomfortablefreezingcomfortablefreezing
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

Hazelwood, Missouri, United States (6,947 miles away) and Karaj, Iran (3,604 miles) are the far-away foreign places with temperatures most similar to Jinan (view comparison).

Map
Marker
© OpenStreetMap contributors

Compare Jinan to another city:

Map

At Jinan, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences mild seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year at Jinan begins around September 13 and lasts for 4.6 months, ending around February 2.

The clearest month of the year at Jinan is December, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 70% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around February 2 and lasts for 7.4 months, ending around September 13.

The cloudiest month of the year at Jinan is July, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 43% of the time.

Cloud Cover Categories at Jinan

Cloud Cover Categories at JinanclearerclearercloudierJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Dec 1771%Dec 1771%Mar 2756%Mar 2756%Sep 1363%Sep 1363%Feb 264%Feb 264%NowNowclearmostly cloudyovercastmostly clearpartly cloudy
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
FractionJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Cloudier 33%39%43%42%43%42%43%39%36%33%32%30%
Clearer 67%61%57%58%57%58%57%61%64%67%68%70%

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days at Jinan varies significantly throughout the year.

The wetter season lasts 2.9 months, from June 12 to September 8, with a greater than 22% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet days at Jinan is July, with an average of 12.1 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

The drier season lasts 9.1 months, from September 8 to June 12. The month with the fewest wet days at Jinan is January, with an average of 0.7 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation at Jinan changes throughout the year.

Rain alone is the most common for 12 months, from January 30 to January 19. The month with the most days of rain alone at Jinan is July, with an average of 12.1 days.

Snow alone is the most common for 1.6 weeks, from January 19 to January 30. The month with the most days of snow alone at Jinan is February, with an average of 0.2 days.

Daily Chance of Precipitation at Jinan

Daily Chance of Precipitation at JinanrainJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Jul 2242%Jul 2242%Jan 142%Jan 142%Jun 1222%Jun 1222%Sep 822%Sep 822%NowNowrain
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Days ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rain 0.3d0.8d1.9d3.3d5.1d7.3d12.1d10.7d5.4d3.2d2.1d0.7d
Mixed 0.2d0.3d0.1d0.1d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.2d0.1d
Snow 0.2d0.2d0.1d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.2d0.2d
Any 0.7d1.3d2.1d3.4d5.1d7.3d12.1d10.7d5.4d3.2d2.4d1.1d

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Jinan experiences extreme seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

The rainy period of the year lasts for 7.8 months, from March 24 to November 17, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most rain at Jinan is July, with an average rainfall of 6.1 inches.

The rainless period of the year lasts for 4.2 months, from November 17 to March 24. The month with the least rain at Jinan is January, with an average rainfall of 0.1 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall at Jinan

Average Monthly Rainfall at JinanrainJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 in0 in2 in2 in4 in4 in6 in6 in8 in8 in10 in10 in12 in12 inJul 246.3 inJul 246.3 inJan 160.1 inJan 160.1 inMar 240.5 inMar 240.5 inNov 170.5 inNov 170.5 in
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average snowfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rainfall 0.1″0.3″0.4″1.1″1.9″3.2″6.1″5.0″2.2″1.0″0.5″0.2″

The length of the day at Jinan varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2024, the shortest day is December 21, with 9 hours, 39 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 14 hours, 40 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight at Jinan

Hours of Daylight and Twilight at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hr12 hr, 6 minMar 2012 hr, 6 minMar 2014 hr, 40 minJun 2114 hr, 40 minJun 2112 hr, 9 minSep 2212 hr, 9 minSep 229 hr, 39 minDec 219 hr, 39 minDec 21nightnightdayNowNow
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
Hours ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Daylight 10.0h10.8h12.0h13.2h14.1h14.6h14.4h13.5h12.4h11.2h10.2h9.7h

The earliest sunrise is at 4:52 AM on June 13, and the latest sunrise is 2 hours, 32 minutes later at 7:24 AM on January 7. The earliest sunset is at 4:55 PM on December 5, and the latest sunset is 2 hours, 39 minutes later at 7:34 PM on June 28.

Daylight saving time (DST) is not observed at Jinan during 2024.

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight at Jinan

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJun 134:52 AMJun 134:52 AM7:34 PMJun 287:34 PMJun 28Dec 54:55 PMDec 54:55 PM7:24 AMJan 77:24 AMJan 7daynightnightnightnightSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow
The solar day over the course of the year 2024. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

Solar Elevation and Azimuth at Jinan

Solar Elevation and Azimuth at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AM000010101010202020203030303040404050505060607000001010101020202020303030404040505060703077NowNow
northeastsouthwest
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2024. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

Moon Rise, Set & Phases at Jinan

The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

Jinan experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.

The muggier period of the year lasts for 3.0 months, from June 13 to September 13, during which time the comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable at least 23% of the time. The month with the most muggy days at Jinan is July, with 26.1 days that are muggy or worse.

The least muggy day of the year is February 15, when muggy conditions are essentially unheard of.

Humidity Comfort Levels at Jinan

Humidity Comfort Levels at JinanmuggyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Feb 150%Feb 150%92%Jul 2792%Jul 27Jun 1323%Jun 1323%Sep 1323%Sep 1323%NowNowmiserablemiserableoppressiveoppressivedrydrymuggymuggy
dry 55°F comfortable 60°F humid 65°F muggy 70°F oppressive 75°F miserable
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Muggy days 0.0d0.0d0.0d0.1d1.0d9.3d26.1d23.7d6.3d0.2d0.0d0.0d

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed at Jinan experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 3.9 months, from February 14 to June 12, with average wind speeds of more than 8.6 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year at Jinan is April, with an average hourly wind speed of 10.6 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 8.1 months, from June 12 to February 14. The calmest month of the year at Jinan is August, with an average hourly wind speed of 6.5 miles per hour.

Average Wind Speed at Jinan

Average Wind Speed at JinanwindyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mph12 mph12 mph14 mph14 mph16 mph16 mph18 mph18 mphApr 2610.8 mphApr 2610.8 mphAug 266.3 mphAug 266.3 mphFeb 148.6 mphFeb 148.6 mphJun 128.6 mphJun 128.6 mphNowNow
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Wind Speed (mph) 8.08.79.910.69.98.47.26.56.97.98.38.0

The predominant average hourly wind direction at Jinan is from the south throughout the year.

Wind Direction at Jinan

Wind Direction at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%NowNowsoutheastnorthwest
northeastsouthwest
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

To characterize how pleasant the weather is at Jinan throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Jinan for general outdoor tourist activities are from early May to mid June and from late August to early October, with a peak score in the third week of September.

Tourism Score at Jinan

Tourism Score at Jinanbest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810107.37.30.00.07.07.04.94.9NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationtourism score
The tourism score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Jinan for hot-weather activities is from early June to late August, with a peak score in the last week of June.

Beach/Pool Score at Jinan

Beach/Pool Score at Jinanbest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810106.76.70.00.06.56.5NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationbeach/pool score
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

Methodology

For each hour between 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM of each day in the analysis period (1980 to 2016), independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed.

Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.

Our precipitation score, which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0.04 inches of precipitation or more.

Our tourism temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 50°F, rising linearly to 9 for 65°F, to 10 for 75°F, falling linearly to 9 for 80°F, and to 1 for 90°F or hotter.

Our beach/pool temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 65°F, rising linearly to 9 for 75°F, to 10 for 82°F, falling linearly to 9 for 90°F, and to 1 for 100°F or hotter.

Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).

The growing season at Jinan typically lasts for 8.2 months (253 days), from around March 11 to around November 19, rarely starting before February 21 or after March 29, and rarely ending before November 2 or after December 5.

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season at Jinan

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season at Jinangrowing seasonJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%50%Mar 1150%Mar 1150%Nov 1950%Nov 1990%Mar 2990%Mar 2990%Nov 290%Nov 210%Feb 2110%Feb 2110%Dec 510%Dec 50%Jan 170%Jan 17Jul 15100%Jul 15100%NowNowfreezingvery coldcomfortablewarmhotcoolcold
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.

Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.

Based on growing degree days alone, the first spring blooms at Jinan should appear around March 24, only rarely appearing before March 15 or after April 3.

Growing Degree Days at Jinan

Growing Degree Days at JinanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F1,000°F1,000°F2,000°F2,000°F3,000°F3,000°F4,000°F4,000°F5,000°F5,000°FMar 2485°FMar 2485°FMay 20900°FMay 20900°FJun 221,800°FJun 221,800°FDec 314,986°FDec 314,986°FNowNow
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of the year, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.8 months, from April 11 to August 6, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 5.8 kWh. The brightest month of the year at Jinan is June, with an average of 6.5 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 3.1 months, from November 2 to February 5, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 3.3 kWh. The darkest month of the year at Jinan is December, with an average of 2.5 kWh.

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy at Jinan

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy at JinanbrightdarkdarkJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWhMay 306.6 kWhMay 306.6 kWhDec 232.5 kWhDec 232.5 kWhApr 115.8 kWhApr 115.8 kWhAug 65.8 kWhAug 65.8 kWhNov 23.3 kWhNov 23.3 kWhFeb 53.3 kWhFeb 53.3 kWhNowNow
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Solar Energy (kWh) 2.83.64.75.96.56.56.05.64.93.82.92.5

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Jinan are 36.683 deg latitude, 116.983 deg longitude, and 112 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of Jinan contains only modest variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 167 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 104 feet. Within 10 miles contains only modest variations in elevation (1,752 feet). Within 50 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (4,977 feet).

The area within 2 miles of Jinan is covered by artificial surfaces (93%), within 10 miles by cropland (46%) and artificial surfaces (33%), and within 50 miles by cropland (66%) and artificial surfaces (14%).

This report illustrates the typical weather at Jinan, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.

Temperature and Dew Point

Jinan has a weather station that reported reliably enough during the analysis period that we have included it in our network. When available, historical temperature and dew point measurements are taken directly from this weather station. These records are obtained from NOAA's Integrated Surface Hourly data set, falling back on ICAO METAR records as required.

There are no other weather stations in our network within 200 kilometers of this location. Consequently, in the case of missing or erroneous measurements from this station, we fall back on NASA's MERRA-2 modern-era reanalysis , adjusted according to typical seasonal and diurnal differences between this station and the wide-area MERRA-2 reconstructed values.

Other Data

All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus.

All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.

Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .

Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .

Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Disclaimer

The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.

We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.

We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.

Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.