1. WeatherSpark.com
  2. China

Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Shiyuan China

In Shiyuan, the summers are comfortable and partly cloudy and the winters are freezing, dry, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 7°F to 74°F and is rarely below 0°F or above 83°F.

Based on the tourism score, the best time of year to visit Shiyuan for warm-weather activities is from early July to mid August.

Climate in Shiyuan

very coldcoldcoolcomfortablecoolcoldvery coldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecNowNow75%75%49%49%clearovercastprecipitation: 2.4 inprecipitation: 2.4 in0.0 in0.0 inmuggy: 0%muggy: 0%0%0%drydrytourism score: 5.8tourism score: 5.80.00.0
Shiyuan weather by month. Click on each chart for more information.

The warm season lasts for 3.6 months, from May 19 to September 8, with an average daily high temperature above 65°F. The hottest month of the year in Shiyuan is July, with an average high of 73°F and low of 53°F.

The cold season lasts for 3.0 months, from November 25 to February 24, with an average daily high temperature below 40°F. The coldest month of the year in Shiyuan is January, with an average low of 8°F and high of 32°F.

Average High and Low Temperature in Shiyuan

Average High and Low Temperature in ShiyuanwarmcoldcoldJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec-10°F-10°F0°F0°F10°F10°F20°F20°F30°F30°F40°F40°F50°F50°F60°F60°F70°F70°F80°F80°F90°F90°F100°F100°FJan 1132°FJan 1132°FJul 2574°FJul 2574°F7°F7°F54°F54°FMay 1965°FMay 1965°FSep 865°FSep 865°FNov 2540°FNov 2540°FFeb 2440°FFeb 2440°F44°F44°F47°F47°F18°F18°F18°F18°FNowNow
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
AverageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
High 32°F38°F48°F58°F65°F70°F73°F71°F63°F54°F44°F35°F
Temp. 19°F26°F36°F47°F54°F60°F63°F62°F54°F44°F32°F22°F
Low 8°F15°F26°F36°F44°F50°F53°F52°F44°F34°F22°F11°F

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature in Shiyuan

Average Hourly Temperature in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMNowNowfrigidfrigidfreezingfreezingvery coldvery coldcoldcoolcoolcomfortable
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

Calgary, Canada (6,041 miles away) and Norashen, Armenia (3,129 miles) are the far-away foreign places with temperatures most similar to Shiyuan (view comparison).

Map
Marker
© OpenStreetMap contributors

Compare Shiyuan to another city:

Map

In Shiyuan, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Shiyuan begins around October 7 and lasts for 4.0 months, ending around February 8.

The clearest month of the year in Shiyuan is December, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 74% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around February 8 and lasts for 8.0 months, ending around October 7.

The cloudiest month of the year in Shiyuan is May, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 49% of the time.

Cloud Cover Categories in Shiyuan

Cloud Cover Categories in ShiyuanclearerclearercloudierJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Nov 3075%Nov 3075%May 2549%May 2549%Oct 762%Oct 762%Feb 862%Feb 862%NowNowclearmostly clearpartly cloudymostly cloudyovercast
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
FractionJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Cloudier 32%41%48%47%49%47%40%37%39%36%27%26%
Clearer 68%59%52%53%51%53%60%63%61%64%73%74%

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Shiyuan varies significantly throughout the year.

The wetter season lasts 5.4 months, from April 29 to October 8, with a greater than 18% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet days in Shiyuan is July, with an average of 10.6 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

The drier season lasts 6.7 months, from October 8 to April 29. The month with the fewest wet days in Shiyuan is December, with an average of 0.1 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation in Shiyuan changes throughout the year.

Rain alone is the most common for 8.2 months, from March 5 to November 11. The month with the most days of rain alone in Shiyuan is July, with an average of 10.6 days.

Snow alone is the most common for 3.7 months, from November 11 to March 5. The month with the most days of snow alone in Shiyuan is March, with an average of 0.3 days.

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Shiyuan

Daily Chance of Precipitation in ShiyuansnowrainsnowJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Jul 1435%Jul 1435%Dec 110%Dec 110%Mar 52%Mar 52%Apr 2918%Apr 2918%Oct 818%Oct 818%NowNowrain
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Days ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rain 0.0d0.0d0.7d3.4d6.9d9.0d10.6d9.8d7.7d3.5d0.2d0.0d
Mixed 0.0d0.0d0.2d0.3d0.2d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.2d0.1d0.0d
Snow 0.1d0.1d0.3d0.1d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.1d0.2d0.1d
Any 0.1d0.2d1.3d3.8d7.1d9.0d10.6d9.8d7.7d3.8d0.4d0.1d

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Shiyuan experiences significant seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

The rainy period of the year lasts for 6.2 months, from April 11 to October 18, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most rain in Shiyuan is July, with an average rainfall of 2.4 inches.

The rainless period of the year lasts for 5.8 months, from October 18 to April 11. The month with the least rain in Shiyuan is December, with an average rainfall of 0.0 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall in Shiyuan

The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average snowfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rainfall 0.0″0.0″0.1″0.6″1.4″2.0″2.4″2.3″1.6″0.6″0.0″0.0″

The length of the day in Shiyuan varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2024, the shortest day is December 21, with 9 hours, 44 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 14 hours, 35 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Shiyuan

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hr12 hr, 6 minMar 2012 hr, 6 minMar 2014 hr, 35 minJun 2114 hr, 35 minJun 2112 hr, 9 minSep 2212 hr, 9 minSep 229 hr, 44 minDec 219 hr, 44 minDec 21nightnightdayNowNow
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
Hours ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Daylight 10.0h10.9h12.0h13.1h14.1h14.5h14.3h13.5h12.4h11.3h10.3h9.8h

The earliest sunrise is at 5:52 AM on June 12, and the latest sunrise is 2 hours, 27 minutes later at 8:19 AM on January 7. The earliest sunset is at 5:54 PM on December 5, and the latest sunset is 2 hours, 34 minutes later at 8:28 PM on June 28.

Daylight saving time (DST) is not observed in Shiyuan during 2024.

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in Shiyuan

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJun 125:52 AMJun 125:52 AM8:28 PMJun 288:28 PMJun 28Dec 55:54 PMDec 55:54 PM8:19 AMJan 78:19 AMJan 7daynightnightnightnightSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow
The solar day over the course of the year 2024. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in Shiyuan

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AM000010101010202020203030303040404050505060607000001010101020202020303030304040405050607078NowNow
northeastsouthwest
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2024. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

Moon Rise, Set & Phases in Shiyuan

The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

The perceived humidity level in Shiyuan, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, remaining a virtually constant 0% throughout.

Humidity Comfort Levels in Shiyuan

Humidity Comfort Levels in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Jan 70%Jan 70%Jul 290%Jul 290%NowNowdrydry
dry 55°F comfortable 60°F humid 65°F muggy 70°F oppressive 75°F miserable
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Muggy days 0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Shiyuan experiences mild seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 4.0 months, from February 17 to June 17, with average wind speeds of more than 6.0 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Shiyuan is April, with an average hourly wind speed of 6.8 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 8.0 months, from June 17 to February 17. The calmest month of the year in Shiyuan is October, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.2 miles per hour.

Average Wind Speed in Shiyuan

Average Wind Speed in ShiyuanwindyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mph12 mph12 mphApr 226.9 mphApr 226.9 mphOct 145.2 mphOct 145.2 mphFeb 176.0 mphFeb 176.0 mphJun 176.0 mphJun 176.0 mphNowNow
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Wind Speed (mph) 5.66.06.56.86.76.15.85.65.35.25.35.6

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Shiyuan varies throughout the year.

The wind is most often from the east for 8.5 months, from February 8 to October 22, with a peak percentage of 52% on August 16. The wind is most often from the west for 3.5 months, from October 22 to February 8, with a peak percentage of 52% on January 1.

Wind Direction in Shiyuan

Wind Direction in ShiyuanWEWJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%NowNowwesteastnorthsouth
northeastsouthwest
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Shiyuan throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Shiyuan for general outdoor tourist activities is from early July to mid August, with a peak score in the last week of July.

Tourism Score in Shiyuan

Tourism Score in Shiyuanbest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810105.85.80.00.0NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationtourism score
The tourism score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Shiyuan for hot-weather activities is from mid July to early August, with a peak score in the last week of July.

Beach/Pool Score in Shiyuan

Beach/Pool Score in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810102.02.00.00.0NowNowtemperaturetemperaturecloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationbeach/pool score
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

Methodology

For each hour between 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM of each day in the analysis period (1980 to 2016), independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed.

Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.

Our precipitation score, which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0.04 inches of precipitation or more.

Our tourism temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 50°F, rising linearly to 9 for 65°F, to 10 for 75°F, falling linearly to 9 for 80°F, and to 1 for 90°F or hotter.

Our beach/pool temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 65°F, rising linearly to 9 for 75°F, to 10 for 82°F, falling linearly to 9 for 90°F, and to 1 for 100°F or hotter.

Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).

The growing season in Shiyuan typically lasts for 5.5 months (168 days), from around April 27 to around October 12, rarely starting before April 10 or after May 16, and rarely ending before September 27 or after October 27.

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Shiyuan

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Shiyuangrowing seasonJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Apr 2750%Apr 2750%Oct 1250%Oct 1250%May 1690%May 1690%Sep 2790%Sep 2790%Apr 1010%Apr 1010%Oct 2710%Oct 2710%0%Feb 130%Feb 13Jul 21100%Jul 21100%NowNowfrigidfreezingcoldcoolcomfortablevery coldwarm
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.

Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.

Based on growing degree days alone, the first spring blooms in Shiyuan should appear around April 25, only rarely appearing before April 18 or after May 6.

Growing Degree Days in Shiyuan

Growing Degree Days in ShiyuanJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F200°F200°F400°F400°F600°F600°F800°F800°F1,000°F1,000°F1,200°F1,200°F1,400°F1,400°F1,600°F1,600°FApr 2590°FApr 2590°FJul 23900°FJul 23900°FDec 311,584°FDec 311,584°F
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of the year, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 4.3 months, from April 7 to August 17, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 6.4 kWh. The brightest month of the year in Shiyuan is May, with an average of 7.1 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 2.9 months, from November 6 to February 3, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 4.0 kWh. The darkest month of the year in Shiyuan is December, with an average of 3.3 kWh.

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Shiyuan

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in ShiyuanbrightdarkdarkJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWh10 kWh10 kWhMay 197.2 kWhMay 197.2 kWhDec 233.2 kWhDec 233.2 kWhApr 76.4 kWhApr 76.4 kWhAug 176.4 kWhAug 176.4 kWhNov 64.0 kWhNov 64.0 kWhFeb 34.0 kWhFeb 34.0 kWhNowNow
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Solar Energy (kWh) 3.64.45.66.77.17.06.96.45.44.63.83.3

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Shiyuan are 35.753 deg latitude, 102.807 deg longitude, and 7,717 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of Shiyuan contains very significant variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 1,650 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 7,453 feet. Within 10 miles contains very significant variations in elevation (8,212 feet). Within 50 miles also contains extreme variations in elevation (10,125 feet).

The area within 2 miles of Shiyuan is covered by cropland (60%), grassland (27%), and trees (13%), within 10 miles by grassland (51%) and cropland (27%), and within 50 miles by grassland (61%) and trees (17%).

This report illustrates the typical weather in Shiyuan, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.

Temperature and Dew Point

There are 2 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Shiyuan.

For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Shiyuan according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.

The estimated value at Shiyuan is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Shiyuan and a given station.

The stations contributing to this reconstruction are:

To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of Shiyuan and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data.

Other Data

All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus.

All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.

Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .

Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .

Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Disclaimer

The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.

We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.

We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.

Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.