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Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Ābdānān Iran

In Ābdānān, the summers are sweltering, arid, and clear and the winters are cold and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 36°F to 105°F and is rarely below 30°F or above 110°F.

Based on the beach/pool score, the best times of year to visit Ābdānān for hot-weather activities are from late May to early July and from mid August to early October.

Climate in Ābdānān

coldcoolwarmhotswelteringhotcoolJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecNowNow100%100%61%61%clearovercastprecipitation: 1.2 inprecipitation: 1.2 in0.0 in0.0 inmuggy: 0%muggy: 0%0%0%drydrybeach/pool score: 8.8beach/pool score: 8.80.00.0
Ābdānān weather by month. Click on each chart for more information.

The hot season lasts for 3.7 months, from May 29 to September 20, with an average daily high temperature above 95°F. The hottest month of the year in Ābdānān is July, with an average high of 105°F and low of 77°F.

The cool season lasts for 3.6 months, from November 25 to March 13, with an average daily high temperature below 65°F. The coldest month of the year in Ābdānān is January, with an average low of 37°F and high of 55°F.

Average High and Low Temperature in Ābdānān

Average High and Low Temperature in ĀbdānānhotcoolcoolJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F10°F10°F20°F20°F30°F30°F40°F40°F50°F50°F60°F60°F70°F70°F80°F80°F90°F90°F100°F100°F110°F110°FJan 1654°FJan 1654°FJul 23105°FJul 23105°F36°F36°F78°F78°FMay 2995°FMay 2995°FSep 2095°FSep 2095°FNov 2565°FNov 2565°FMar 1365°FMar 1365°F66°F66°F66°F66°F44°F44°F44°F44°FNowNow
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
AverageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
High 55°F58°F66°F77°F90°F100°F105°F104°F97°F85°F69°F58°F
Temp. 45°F49°F56°F67°F77°F86°F92°F90°F82°F73°F58°F48°F
Low 37°F39°F45°F54°F63°F71°F77°F76°F67°F59°F47°F39°F

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature in Ābdānān

Average Hourly Temperature in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMNowNowvery coldcoldcoldcoldcoolcoolwarmhotswelteringvery coldvery coldhotcomfortablecomfortablevery cold
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (7,535 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Ābdānān (view comparison).

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In Ābdānān, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Ābdānān begins around May 21 and lasts for 4.7 months, ending around October 13.

The clearest month of the year in Ābdānān is July, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 100% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around October 13 and lasts for 7.3 months, ending around May 21.

The cloudiest month of the year in Ābdānān is December, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 38% of the time.

Cloud Cover Categories in Ābdānān

Cloud Cover Categories in ĀbdānānclearercloudiercloudierJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Jun 30100%Jun 30100%Dec 1161%Dec 1161%May 2180%May 2180%Oct 1381%Oct 1381%NowNowclearmostly clearovercastpartly cloudymostly cloudy
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
FractionJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Cloudier 35%32%31%33%23%3%0%1%2%21%34%38%
Clearer 65%68%69%67%77%97%100%99%98%79%66%62%

A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Ābdānān varies throughout the year.

The wetter season lasts 6.7 months, from October 18 to May 10, with a greater than 8% chance of a given day being a wet day. The month with the most wet days in Ābdānān is March, with an average of 4.5 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

The drier season lasts 5.3 months, from May 10 to October 18. The month with the fewest wet days in Ābdānān is August, with an average of 0.2 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in Ābdānān is March, with an average of 4.5 days. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 15% on January 17.

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Ābdānān

Daily Chance of Precipitation in ĀbdānānwetwetdryJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Jan 1716%Jan 1716%Jul 310%Jul 310%Oct 188%Oct 188%May 108%May 108%NowNowrain
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Days ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rain 4.3d3.8d4.5d4.2d1.8d0.4d0.3d0.2d0.3d2.1d4.0d4.1d

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Ābdānān experiences some seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

The rainy period of the year lasts for 6.8 months, from October 16 to May 9, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most rain in Ābdānān is March, with an average rainfall of 1.2 inches.

The rainless period of the year lasts for 5.2 months, from May 9 to October 16. The month with the least rain in Ābdānān is August, with an average rainfall of 0.0 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall in Ābdānān

Average Monthly Rainfall in ĀbdānānrainrainJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0.0 in0.0 in0.5 in0.5 in1.0 in1.0 in1.5 in1.5 in2.0 in2.0 in2.5 in2.5 in3.0 in3.0 in3.5 in3.5 inMar 101.2 inMar 101.2 inAug 40.0 inAug 40.0 inDec 11.2 inDec 11.2 inJul 40.1 inJul 40.1 inOct 160.5 inOct 160.5 inMay 90.5 inMay 90.5 inNowNow
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average snowfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rainfall 1.2″1.1″1.2″1.0″0.3″0.1″0.0″0.0″0.1″0.5″1.1″1.2″

The length of the day in Ābdānān varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2024, the shortest day is December 21, with 9 hours, 58 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 14 hours, 20 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Ābdānān

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hr12 hr, 6 minMar 2012 hr, 6 minMar 2014 hr, 20 minJun 2114 hr, 20 minJun 2112 hr, 8 minSep 2212 hr, 8 minSep 229 hr, 58 minDec 219 hr, 58 minDec 21nightnightdayNowNow
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
Hours ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Daylight 10.2h11.0h12.0h13.0h13.9h14.3h14.1h13.3h12.4h11.3h10.5h10.0h

The earliest sunrise is at 5:11 AM on June 12, and the latest sunrise is 2 hours, 13 minutes later at 7:24 AM on January 9. The earliest sunset is at 5:13 PM on December 4, and the latest sunset is 2 hours, 20 minutes later at 7:33 PM on June 29.

Daylight saving time (DST) is not observed in Ābdānān during 2024.

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in Ābdānān

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJun 125:11 AMJun 125:11 AM7:33 PMJun 297:33 PMJun 29Dec 45:13 PMDec 45:13 PM7:24 AMJan 97:24 AMJan 9daynightnightnightnightSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow
The solar day over the course of the year 2024. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in Ābdānān

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AM0000101010102020202030303030404040505050606070800000101010102020202030303030404040505060707034NowNow
northeastsouthwest
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2024. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

Moon Rise, Set & Phases in Ābdānān

The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

The perceived humidity level in Ābdānān, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, remaining a virtually constant 0% throughout.

Humidity Comfort Levels in Ābdānān

Humidity Comfort Levels in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Feb 100%Feb 100%Nov 40%Nov 40%NowNowdrydry
dry 55°F comfortable 60°F humid 65°F muggy 70°F oppressive 75°F miserable
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Muggy days 0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d0.0d

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Ābdānān experiences mild seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 5.2 months, from April 30 to October 5, with average wind speeds of more than 7.1 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Ābdānān is June, with an average hourly wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 6.8 months, from October 5 to April 30. The calmest month of the year in Ābdānān is December, with an average hourly wind speed of 5.9 miles per hour.

Average Wind Speed in Ābdānān

Average Wind Speed in ĀbdānānwindyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mph12 mph12 mphJun 98.4 mphJun 98.4 mphJan 75.8 mphJan 75.8 mphApr 307.1 mphApr 307.1 mphOct 57.1 mphOct 57.1 mphNowNow
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Wind Speed (mph) 5.96.46.76.97.58.27.77.67.46.76.05.9

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Ābdānān varies throughout the year.

The wind is most often from the north for 4.3 months, from February 16 to June 25 and for 4.7 months, from July 15 to December 7, with a peak percentage of 44% on September 23. The wind is most often from the west for 2.9 weeks, from June 25 to July 15, with a peak percentage of 38% on June 25. The wind is most often from the east for 2.3 months, from December 7 to February 16, with a peak percentage of 33% on January 1.

Wind Direction in Ābdānān

Wind Direction in ĀbdānānENWNEJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%NowNowwesteastnorthsouth
northeastsouthwest
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Ābdānān throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Ābdānān for general outdoor tourist activities are from mid April to mid May and from mid September to late October, with a peak score in the second week of October.

Tourism Score in Ābdānān

Tourism Score in Ābdānānbest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810108.08.01.51.57.47.45.15.1NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationtourism score
The tourism score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Ābdānān for hot-weather activities are from late May to early July and from mid August to early October, with a peak score in the second week of September.

Beach/Pool Score in Ābdānān

Beach/Pool Score in Ābdānānbest timebest timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810108.88.80.00.08.58.57.67.6NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationbeach/pool score
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

Methodology

For each hour between 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM of each day in the analysis period (1980 to 2016), independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed.

Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.

Our precipitation score, which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0.04 inches of precipitation or more.

Our tourism temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 50°F, rising linearly to 9 for 65°F, to 10 for 75°F, falling linearly to 9 for 80°F, and to 1 for 90°F or hotter.

Our beach/pool temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 65°F, rising linearly to 9 for 75°F, to 10 for 82°F, falling linearly to 9 for 90°F, and to 1 for 100°F or hotter.

Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).

The growing season in Ābdānān typically lasts for 9.9 months (301 days), from around February 12 to around December 9, rarely starting before January 20 or after March 12, and rarely ending before November 17 or after January 2.

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Ābdānān

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Ābdānāngrowing seasonJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%50%Feb 1250%Feb 1250%Dec 950%Dec 990%Mar 1290%Mar 1290%Nov 1790%Nov 1710%Jan 2010%Jan 20Jul 18100%Jul 18100%NowNowvery coldcoldcoolwarmhotswelteringcomfortable
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.

Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.

Based on growing degree days alone, the first spring blooms in Ābdānān should appear around February 17, only rarely appearing before February 5 or after March 5.

Growing Degree Days in Ābdānān

Growing Degree Days in ĀbdānānJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F1,000°F1,000°F2,000°F2,000°F3,000°F3,000°F4,000°F4,000°F5,000°F5,000°F6,000°F6,000°FFeb 1781°FFeb 1781°FMay 2900°FMay 2900°FDec 316,566°FDec 316,566°FNowNow
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of the year, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.3 months, from May 15 to August 24, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 7.6 kWh. The brightest month of the year in Ābdānān is June, with an average of 8.6 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 3.3 months, from November 1 to February 11, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 4.1 kWh. The darkest month of the year in Ābdānān is December, with an average of 3.0 kWh.

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Ābdānān

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in ĀbdānānbrightdarkdarkJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWh10 kWh10 kWhJun 198.7 kWhJun 198.7 kWhDec 233.0 kWhDec 233.0 kWhAug 247.6 kWhAug 247.6 kWhNov 14.1 kWhNov 14.1 kWhFeb 114.1 kWhFeb 114.1 kWhNowNow
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Solar Energy (kWh) 3.34.35.56.67.78.68.47.86.85.03.63.0

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Ābdānān are 32.993 deg latitude, 47.420 deg longitude, and 2,917 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of Ābdānān contains large variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 1,998 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 3,164 feet. Within 10 miles contains large variations in elevation (5,896 feet). Within 50 miles also contains extreme variations in elevation (9,114 feet).

The area within 2 miles of Ābdānān is covered by shrubs (62%) and sparse vegetation (30%), within 10 miles by shrubs (40%) and sparse vegetation (32%), and within 50 miles by shrubs (51%) and trees (21%).

This report illustrates the typical weather in Ābdānān, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.

Temperature and Dew Point

There is only a single weather station, Ilam, in our network suitable to be used as a proxy for the historical temperature and dew point records of Ābdānān.

At a distance of 165 kilometers from Ābdānān, further than our threshold of 150 kilometers, this station is deemed insufficiently nearby to be relied upon as our primary source for temperature and dew point records. Consequently, the station records are blended with interpolated values from NASA's MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis , and both are corrected for elevation differences according to the International Standard Atmosphere .

The weight assigned to the MERRA-2 value depends on the distance from Ābdānān to the nearest station, increasing from 0% at 150 kilometers to 100% at 200 kilometers. In this case, the MERRA-2 weight is 23%, making the weight assigned to the weather station 77%.

Other Data

All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus.

All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.

Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .

Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .

Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Disclaimer

The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.

We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.

We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.

Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.