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Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Al Jahrā’ Kuwait

In Al Jahrā’, the summers are long, sweltering, arid, windy, and clear and the winters are cool, dry, and mostly clear. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 44°F to 117°F and is rarely below 36°F or above 122°F.

Based on the beach/pool score, the best times of year to visit Al Jahrā’ for hot-weather activities are from early April to early May and from late September to late October.

Climate in Al Jahrā’

comfortablewarmhotswelteringhotJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecNowNow98%98%66%66%clearprecipitation: 0.4 inprecipitation: 0.4 in0.0 in0.0 inmuggy: 9%muggy: 9%0%0%drydrybeach/pool score: 7.9beach/pool score: 7.90.70.7
Al Jahrā’ weather by month. Click on each chart for more information.

The hot season lasts for 4.1 months, from May 20 to September 23, with an average daily high temperature above 106°F. The hottest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is July, with an average high of 116°F and low of 87°F.

The cool season lasts for 3.1 months, from November 24 to February 29, with an average daily high temperature below 75°F. The coldest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is January, with an average low of 45°F and high of 65°F.

Average High and Low Temperature in Al Jahrā’

The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
AverageJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
High 65°F71°F80°F92°F105°F113°F116°F115°F109°F97°F80°F68°F
Temp. 54°F59°F68°F80°F92°F100°F103°F101°F94°F83°F68°F57°F
Low 45°F49°F57°F67°F78°F84°F87°F85°F78°F69°F56°F47°F

The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the entire year of hourly average temperatures. The horizontal axis is the day of the year, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.

Average Hourly Temperature in Al Jahrā’

Average Hourly Temperature in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMNowNowcoldcoldcoldcoolcoolcoolwarmwarmhotswelteringcoldswelteringcomfortablecomfortable
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

Needles, California, United States (7,863 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Al Jahrā’ (view comparison).

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Compare Al Jahrā’ to another city:

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In Al Jahrā’, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The clearer part of the year in Al Jahrā’ begins around May 21 and lasts for 4.9 months, ending around October 18.

The clearest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is September, during which on average the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 96% of the time.

The cloudier part of the year begins around October 18 and lasts for 7.1 months, ending around May 21.

The cloudiest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is December, during which on average the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 33% of the time.

Cloud Cover Categories in Al Jahrā’

Cloud Cover Categories in Al Jahrā’clearercloudiercloudierJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%Sep 1398%Sep 1398%Apr 1866%Apr 1866%May 2181%May 2181%Oct 1882%Oct 1882%NowNowclearovercastmostly clearmostly cloudypartly cloudy
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
FractionJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Cloudier 27%25%29%32%22%4%7%8%4%16%30%33%
Clearer 73%75%71%68%78%96%93%92%96%84%70%67%

Al Jahrā’ does not experience significant seasonal variation in the frequency of wet days (i.e., those with greater than 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation). The frequency ranges from 0% to 6%, with an average value of 3%.

Among wet days, we distinguish between those that experience rain alone, snow alone, or a mixture of the two. The month with the most days of rain alone in Al Jahrā’ is January, with an average of 1.8 days. Based on this categorization, the most common form of precipitation throughout the year is rain alone, with a peak probability of 6% on January 16.

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Al Jahrā’

Daily Chance of Precipitation in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Jan 166%Jan 166%Jun 160%Jun 160%Nov 123%Nov 123%Apr 133%Apr 133%
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Days ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rain 1.8d1.5d1.7d1.0d0.4d0.2d0.2d0.2d0.2d0.3d1.0d1.2d

To show variation within the months and not just the monthly totals, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day of the year. Al Jahrā’ experiences some seasonal variation in monthly rainfall.

Rain falls throughout the year in Al Jahrā’. The month with the most rain in Al Jahrā’ is January, with an average rainfall of 0.4 inches.

The month with the least rain in Al Jahrā’ is June, with an average rainfall of 0.0 inches.

Average Monthly Rainfall in Al Jahrā’

Average Monthly Rainfall in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0.0 in0.0 in0.2 in0.2 in0.4 in0.4 in0.6 in0.6 in0.8 in0.8 in1.0 in1.0 in1.2 in1.2 inJan 170.4 inJan 170.4 inJun 100.0 inJun 100.0 inAug 160.0 inAug 160.0 inNowNow
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average snowfall.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Rainfall 0.4″0.3″0.3″0.2″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.0″0.1″0.2″0.3″

The length of the day in Al Jahrā’ varies significantly over the course of the year. In 2024, the shortest day is December 21, with 10 hours, 16 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 20, with 14 hours, 2 minutes of daylight.

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Al Jahrā’

Hours of Daylight and Twilight in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hr12 hr, 6 minMar 2012 hr, 6 minMar 2014 hr, 2 minJun 2014 hr, 2 minJun 2012 hr, 8 minSep 2212 hr, 8 minSep 2210 hr, 16 minDec 2110 hr, 16 minDec 21nightnightdayNowNow
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
Hours ofJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Daylight 10.5h11.2h12.0h12.9h13.6h14.0h13.8h13.2h12.3h11.4h10.7h10.3h

The earliest sunrise is at 4:49 AM on June 10, and the latest sunrise is 1 hour, 56 minutes later at 6:44 AM on January 11. The earliest sunset is at 4:50 PM on December 1, and the latest sunset is 2 hours, 2 minutes later at 6:53 PM on July 1.

Daylight saving time (DST) is not observed in Al Jahrā’ during 2024.

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in Al Jahrā’

Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM2 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJun 104:49 AMJun 104:49 AM6:53 PMJul 16:53 PMJul 1Dec 14:50 PMDec 14:50 PM6:44 AMJan 116:44 AMJan 11daynightnightSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunsetNowNow
The solar day over the course of the year 2024. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.

The figure below presents a compact representation of the sun's elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon) and azimuth (its compass bearing) for every hour of every day in the reporting period. The horizontal axis is the day of the year and the vertical axis is the hour of the day. For a given day and hour of that day, the background color indicates the azimuth of the sun at that moment. The black isolines are contours of constant solar elevation.

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in Al Jahrā’

Solar Elevation and Azimuth in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec12 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AM00001010101020202020303030304040405050506060707080000010101010202020203030303040404040505050606070708037NowNow
northeastsouthwest
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of the year 2024. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for 2024. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases.

Moon Rise, Set & Phases in Al Jahrā’

The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.

We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.

The perceived humidity level in Al Jahrā’, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, staying within 4% of 4% throughout.

Humidity Comfort Levels in Al Jahrā’

Humidity Comfort Levels in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%Feb 130%Feb 130%Oct 229%Oct 229%NowNowdrydryhumidhumidmuggymuggyoppressiveoppressive
dry 55°F comfortable 60°F humid 65°F muggy 70°F oppressive 75°F miserable
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Muggy days 0.0d0.0d0.0d0.2d0.3d0.1d0.6d1.5d1.4d2.5d1.1d0.1d

This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.

The average hourly wind speed in Al Jahrā’ experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The windier part of the year lasts for 2.6 months, from May 29 to August 17, with average wind speeds of more than 11.2 miles per hour. The windiest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is June, with an average hourly wind speed of 13.0 miles per hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 9.4 months, from August 17 to May 29. The calmest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is October, with an average hourly wind speed of 8.6 miles per hour.

Average Wind Speed in Al Jahrā’

Average Wind Speed in Al Jahrā’windyJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mph12 mph12 mph14 mph14 mph16 mph16 mph18 mph18 mph20 mph20 mphJun 2613.8 mphJun 2613.8 mphOct 128.5 mphOct 128.5 mphAug 1711.2 mphAug 1711.2 mphNowNow
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Wind Speed (mph) 9.09.49.49.310.013.012.811.29.88.68.98.9

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Al Jahrā’ is from the north throughout the year.

Wind Direction in Al Jahrā’

Wind Direction in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%NowNownorthsoutheastwest
northeastsouthwest
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).

Al Jahrā’ is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.

The average water temperature experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The time of year with warmer water lasts for 3.9 months, from June 10 to October 8, with an average temperature above 83°F. The month of the year in Al Jahrā’ with the warmest water is August, with an average temperature of 89°F.

The time of year with cooler water lasts for 3.2 months, from December 19 to March 25, with an average temperature below 66°F. The month of the year in Al Jahrā’ with the coolest water is February, with an average temperature of 60°F.

Average Water Temperature in Al Jahrā’

Average Water Temperature in Al Jahrā’warmcoolJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec55°F55°F60°F60°F65°F65°F70°F70°F75°F75°F80°F80°F85°F85°F90°F90°F95°F95°FAug 1489°FAug 1489°F60°FFeb 360°FFeb 3Jun 1083°FJun 1083°FOct 883°FOct 883°FDec 1966°FDec 1966°FMar 2566°FMar 2566°FNowNow
The daily average water temperature (purple line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
WaterJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Temperature 61°F60°F64°F71°F79°F84°F87°F89°F87°F82°F74°F67°F

To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Al Jahrā’ throughout the year, we compute two travel scores.

The tourism score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 65°F and 80°F. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Al Jahrā’ for general outdoor tourist activities are from late February to early April and from late October to late November, with a peak score in the second week of March.

Tourism Score in Al Jahrā’

Tourism Score in Al Jahrā’best timeJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810107.77.73.13.17.47.45.05.0NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationtourism score
The tourism score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with perceived temperatures between 75°F and 90°F. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Al Jahrā’ for hot-weather activities are from early April to early May and from late September to late October, with a peak score in the second week of October.

Beach/Pool Score in Al Jahrā’

Beach/Pool Score in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec002244668810107.97.90.70.77.57.54.44.4NowNowtemperaturetemperature cloudscloudsprecipitationprecipitationbeach/pool score
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).

Methodology

For each hour between 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM of each day in the analysis period (1980 to 2016), independent scores are computed for perceived temperature, cloud cover, and total precipitation. Those scores are combined into a single hourly composite score, which is then aggregated into days, averaged over all the years in the analysis period, and smoothed.

Our cloud cover score is 10 for fully clear skies, falling linearly to 9 for mostly clear skies, and to 1 for fully overcast skies.

Our precipitation score, which is based on the three-hour precipitation centered on the hour in question, is 10 for no precipitation, falling linearly to 9 for trace precipitation, and to 0 for 0.04 inches of precipitation or more.

Our tourism temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 50°F, rising linearly to 9 for 65°F, to 10 for 75°F, falling linearly to 9 for 80°F, and to 1 for 90°F or hotter.

Our beach/pool temperature score is 0 for perceived temperatures below 65°F, rising linearly to 9 for 75°F, to 10 for 82°F, falling linearly to 9 for 90°F, and to 1 for 100°F or hotter.

Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).

Temperatures in Al Jahrā’ are sufficiently warm year round that it is not entirely meaningful to discuss the growing season in these terms. We nevertheless include the chart below as an illustration of the distribution of temperatures experienced throughout the year.

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Al Jahrā’

Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in Al Jahrā’growing seasonJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%90%Jan 3090%Jan 3090%Dec 2290%Dec 22Jul 27100%Jul 27100%NowNowvery coldcoldcoolhotswelteringwarm
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.

Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.

Growing Degree Days in Al Jahrā’

Growing Degree Days in Al Jahrā’JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0°F0°F1,000°F1,000°F2,000°F2,000°F3,000°F3,000°F4,000°F4,000°F5,000°F5,000°F6,000°F6,000°F7,000°F7,000°F8,000°F8,000°F9,000°F9,000°FJan 1690°FJan 1690°FMar 24900°FMar 24900°FDec 318,950°FDec 318,950°FNowNow
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of the year, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.

This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.

The brighter period of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from May 13 to August 28, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter above 7.2 kWh. The brightest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is June, with an average of 8.1 kWh.

The darker period of the year lasts for 3.0 months, from November 4 to February 5, with an average daily incident shortwave energy per square meter below 4.3 kWh. The darkest month of the year in Al Jahrā’ is December, with an average of 3.4 kWh.

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Al Jahrā’

Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in Al Jahrā’brightdarkdarkJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWhJun 218.2 kWhJun 218.2 kWhDec 183.3 kWhDec 183.3 kWhMay 137.2 kWhMay 137.2 kWhAug 287.2 kWhAug 287.2 kWhNov 44.3 kWhNov 44.3 kWhFeb 54.3 kWhFeb 54.3 kWhNowNow
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Solar Energy (kWh) 3.74.65.66.57.38.17.97.46.65.23.93.4

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Al Jahrā’ are 29.337 deg latitude, 47.658 deg longitude, and 131 ft elevation.

The topography within 2 miles of Al Jahrā’ contains only modest variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 240 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 116 feet. Within 10 miles contains only modest variations in elevation (591 feet). Within 50 miles contains significant variations in elevation (1,056 feet).

The area within 2 miles of Al Jahrā’ is covered by bare soil (99%), within 10 miles by bare soil (90%), and within 50 miles by bare soil (80%) and water (16%).

This report illustrates the typical weather in Al Jahrā’, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.

Temperature and Dew Point

There are 4 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Al Jahrā’.

For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Al Jahrā’ according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.

The estimated value at Al Jahrā’ is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between Al Jahrā’ and a given station.

The stations contributing to this reconstruction are:

To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of Al Jahrā’ and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data.

Other Data

All data relating to the Sun's position (e.g., sunrise and sunset) are computed using astronomical formulas from the book, Astronomical Algorithms 2nd Edition , by Jean Meeus.

All other weather data, including cloud cover, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar flux, come from NASA's MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis . This reanalysis combines a variety of wide-area measurements in a state-of-the-art global meteorological model to reconstruct the hourly history of weather throughout the world on a 50-kilometer grid.

Land Use data comes from the Global Land Cover SHARE database , published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Elevation data comes from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) , published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Names, locations, and time zones of places and some airports come from the GeoNames Geographical Database .

Time zones for airports and weather stations are provided by AskGeo.com .

Maps are © OpenStreetMap contributors.

Disclaimer

The information on this site is provided as is, without any assurances as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Weather data is prone to errors, outages, and other defects. We assume no responsibility for any decisions made on the basis of the content presented on this site.

We draw particular cautious attention to our reliance on the MERRA-2 model-based reconstructions for a number of important data series. While having the tremendous advantages of temporal and spatial completeness, these reconstructions: (1) are based on computer models that may have model-based errors, (2) are coarsely sampled on a 50 km grid and are therefore unable to reconstruct the local variations of many microclimates, and (3) have particular difficulty with the weather in some coastal areas, especially small islands.

We further caution that our travel scores are only as good as the data that underpin them, that weather conditions at any given location and time are unpredictable and variable, and that the definition of the scores reflects a particular set of preferences that may not agree with those of any particular reader.

Please review our full terms contained on our Terms of Service page.